The Effects of Microburst on Small Aircraft Research Paper

The Effects of Microburst on Small Aircraft - Research Paper Example In extreme dry conditions when moist convection is just barely possible, cumulus clouds with very high bases form above the surface; below this high-based cloud layer there is a deep, dry adiabatic layer of microburst. In extreme wet conditions a deep, nearly saturated layer with a nearly moist pseudoadiabatic lapse rate forms that is topped by an elevated dry layer which is a cause of microburst. In case of dry microburst the rain falls below the cloud base mixes with dry air from where it begins to evaporate and this evaporation process cools the air. The cool air descends and accelerates as it approaches the ground from where it spreads in all directions and the divergence of wind is the sign of a microburst. The wet microburst is accompanied by heavy rainfall at the surface which are warmer then the environment. This downburst pushes the downward acceleration of parcels that cause negative buoyancy which tends to drive dry microburst. Wind shear is the difference in wind speed and direction over a short distance in the atmosphere. The extent and suddenness of a microburst accompanied with low-level wind shears are a cause of many fatal aircraft crashes; particularly they affect in landing and take-off phases. The microburst is recorded to last no more then 15 minutes from the time they strike on the ground. During the first 5 minutes the horizontal wind continues to rise with maximum intensity lasting 2-4 minutes Sometimes microburst are concentrated into a line structure, and under these conditions, activity may continue for as long as an hour. Once microburst activity starts, multiple microbursts in the same general area are not uncommon and should be expected. Hazards to flight The strong, concentrated winds along with rainfall and thunderstorms have caused fatal aircraft accidents. (Downbursts, Fujita, 1985). As the aircraft enters in the way of microburst, it encounters an increased head wind. This head wind lifts the aircraft, the pilots reacts to correct the aircraft approach angle by reducing engine power. The aircraft then passes into the vertically descending microburst core which results in a loss of lift and altitude. Immediately the aircraft crosses into a region of tail winds (the wind which blows in the direction of the object), which reduces the relative airspeed of the aircraft and further decreases lift, causing the aircraft to lose more altitude. Because the aircraft is now flying on reduced power, it is vulnerable to sudden losses of airspeed and altitude. The microburst is often of right scale and intensity to crash an aircraft which is evident by a number of accidents associated with microburst over about a decade. The crew and passengers all become victims to the crash and give their lives. There are a large number of human losses especially if microburst attacks at the time of take-off and landing. Predicting Microburst Microburst has always been a challenge for safety issues regarding the aircraft and small business jets. Its prediction, detection and avoidance are an issue of big concern for aviation authority. The pilots are unable to maintain the balance of strong winds and historically this has plagued the entire civil aircraft types including large commercial transports, regional airliners, business jets, and small personal-owner general

Reasearch project managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reasearch project managment - Essay Example Furthermore, these commodities are leading causes of pollution since they undergo combustion prior to their use leading to the emission of greenhouse gases that pollute the atmosphere (EREC 2010). As apparent in recent findings, countries within the European Union continue to record an increase in the demand for energy generated from renewable sources. From the sample size used in the research, estimations indicate that an increase in energy consumption will be recorded in the next decade due to continuity in the growth of the population. Normally, the developed countries are the principal consumers for energy. This is attributable to their increased utilization of technology and items that use energy to run operations (EREC 2010). The categories of the energy, which are used in such countries, include electricity, solar, wind and fossil fuels. Scientifically, it will be important for nations to educate its citizens on the roles they can play in promoting the use of renewable sources. The research intended to establish the factors that influenced consumption of energy within the European Union basing on percentage figures. As apparent in the findings, there was an expectation that pollution would increase based on the demand for fuel and other sources of energy. Therefore, authorities should devise measures of curbing the negative environmental effects associated with energy consumption (EREC 2010). The use of energy commodities is advantageous; however, regulatory mechanisms should be adopted to limit the detrimental impacts that cause environmental pollution. The need for control mechanisms is partly attributable to the colossal sums that countries within the EU spend in meeting their energy needs. Research indicates that the gross national savings for the member countries should focus on electricity production. Concerns focusing on

Graffiti Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Graffiti - Research Paper Example T is from these motivations that graffiti is categorized into four. These are ideological, conventional, tagging and gangs. Ideological graffiti is where artist make discriminative, offensive and political symbols or slogans in public areas. This type of graffiti is normally motivated by politics, anger, defiance, hostility and hate. Conventional graffiti is where people put down simple messages on surfaces and paintings in public places. This type of graffiti is usually random and is normally done very quickly. It lacks an artistic touch since it is not mercenarily done by artist hence it has no theme or agenda in them. Conventional graffiti is often associated with adolescence who usually do it during their leisure time. A good example is where one writes a message such as â€Å"Daniel was here† on a public wall or surface. Gang graffiti is a category is the type of graffiti where different gangs mostly in cities spray or inscribe their name or symbol on a public surface or wall to illustrate that that area is their territory. Gang graffiti is usually a mode of communication to other gangs to avoid doing business both illegal and legal on another gang’s tuff. ... Cave drawings by natives are often regarded as the earliest form of graffiti irrespective of the fact that it did not have an artistic touch. However, the first form of modern graffiti is believed to have begun in ancient Greece specifically the city of Ephesus which is known as Turkey today. This graffiti is somewhat different from the graffiti practiced today in terms of content in that it was used to communicate messages. For example, in the ruins of the city of Ephesus there is a graffiti composed of a foot, a number and a heart which communicate that there was a brothel nearby. This graffiti is found on a stone and mosaic walk away in the city. There are also drawings of bald men on walls in the city which was used to refer to politicians at the time. Scholars have attributed the spread of graffiti from the United States of America specifically the hip hop culture. Graffiti intertwined with the hip hop culture in the United States of America where hip hop slogans were used to co mmunicate to the public through graffiti in the New York subways, bridges among others. For example, one of the notable graffiti done back in the early 20th century is the myriad graffiti which were in the New York subway. Since then, graffiti has spread all over the continent especially in Europe where artist have used this form of unauthorized art to convey different messages and emotions. The ideological graffiti is the most common type of this art which has been used to communicate and illustrates messages that related to the issues I questions. It has been used to convey messages about politics, race, and gender throughout Europe depending on the social or political issue that was going on in Europe during at the time. During the

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 -UK Essay

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 -UK - Essay Example   The aims of the Commission and the Executive, whose existence and functions derive from the 1974 Act, are to protect the health, safety and welfare of employees and to safeguard others, principally the public, who may be exposed to risks from work activities. The Act was intended:  - To make further provision for securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work;- To protect others against risks to health or safety in connection with the activities of persons at work;- To control the keeping and use and prevent the unlawful acquisition, possession and use of dangerous substances.   Measuring and Accounting for Corporate Health and Safety Performance,  seeking views on the case for improving approaches to measuring and accounting for corporate health and safety performance. This was circulated to ‘key players’ in the British ‘occupational health and safety system’ and was made available on www.rospa.co.uk. It examined performance measuremen t and reporting against the background of strategic policy development in occupational safety and health as raised in the Governments and the Health and Safety Commission’s plans for ‘Revitalising Health and Safety at Work’    and wider issues of holistic business risk management raised in guidance on the Turnbull Report. A lot of factors may in be in place preventing.  They were built and used at a time when regulatory requirements and operational priorities were very different from those of today.

Identify and Critically examine PERSONALISATION Essay

Identify and Critically examine PERSONALISATION - Essay Example This paper analyses one of the most questionable components of personalisation: the process of commissioning. This paper argues that the contemporary techniques of commissioning do not constantly result in favourable outcomes for service users, in particular, for the mentally ill and disabled. Commissioners, quite frequently, evaluate good outcomes against service practices and results rather than in relation to what has been accomplished and enhanced outcomes for service users (Seden, Matthews, McCormick & Morgan, 2010). A more holistic commissioning process for social care is the biggest challenge of personalisation. This paper discusses the definition, importance, and implication of personalisation to social work and community care. It primarily examines the extent of the progress of the personalisation initiative, emphasising and comparing the experiences with and perceptions of the mentally ill and the disabled of the effectiveness of personalisation agenda, specifically with re gard to the issue of commissioning. Second, the paper analyses the concerns raised by the execution of personalised social work and community care, with an emphasis on commissioning as a potential basis of reform. A great deal of the discussion here puts emphasis on individual budgets as the most beneficial case of current commissioning procedures, even though with some consideration of the significance of other components of personalisation, such as building social capital. Because personalisation has been recognised as a new and revolutionary model of public service reform, it has drawn much attention, as well as criticism. This paper discusses personalisation in England since this is where personalisation has progressed significantly. This paper examines the problems confronting commissioners with regard to personalisation, reflecting on the divergence between policy and practice. This discussion is of great importance to scholars, managers, policymakers, and people engaged in de veloping quality social care, building the benefits and privileges, and challenges and risks confronting those responsible for improving personalised social care. Personalisation: Definition, Importance, and Implication to Social Care Personalisation implies perceiving social care services in a completely distinct way. This implies beginning with the individual as a person with a purpose, inclinations, and strengths, and placing emphasis on them in the course of recognising their needs and preferences on the way they are supported and assisted to live fully (Carr, 2010). It demands a major change in the way social care is perceived and planned so that all services, personnel, procedures, and systems are equipped to prioritise people (Needham, 2010). The usual service-oriented model has generally implied that individuals have not been given the appropriate assistance at the appropriate time and have been incapable of developing the type of assistance they require (Carr, 2010). Basica lly, personalisation concerns granting individuals much more control over the way they live their lives and does not merely concern

Compare and contrast the societies of Mesoamerica and the Eastern Assignment

Compare and contrast the societies of Mesoamerica and the Eastern Woodlands in 1491 - Assignment Example Women did not participate in building homes but assisted in working in the fields. The Eastern Woodland Indians were mainly hunters and gatherers2. The natives mostly spoke Algonquin or Iroquois. The Mesoamerican Indians were inhabitants of Mexico and Northern Central America. The main tribes were Mayans, Olmec, Amazonians, and Peruvians. They lived in caves and other structures curved out of stone. Mesoamerican Indians were the first to cultivate corn, potatoes, varieties of beans, squash, pumpkins, tomatoes, chocolate, rubber, cotton and tobacco. The Indians in Mexico developed corn by a breeding process so sophisticated that the journal of science described it as â€Å"mans first and perhaps the greatest feat at genetic engineering†. The natives made different discoveries based on different experiences and ways of life. The Mesoamerican and Eastern Woodland Indians had occupied different parts of America with the eastern Indians occupying the rain forest. Due to this woodland Indians discovered different uses for wood. They made hunting tools, houses, canoes and cooking utensils. The natives who lived near water bodies used the canoes for transport. The Mesoamericans mainly used tools curved out of stone for example, farming tools that were curved out of stone. Both inhabitants practiced farming for food, but they practiced it differently. The Eastern Woodland Indians cleared the forest in order to create more space for farming or when the land got exhausted while the Mesoamericans specifically the Amazonian Indians learned how to farm in the rain forest without destroying it, a process scientists are studying today in the hope of regaining this lost knowledge. The Mesoamericans were very advanced in agriculture. The Native Indians are said to have been the ‘mother of civilization.’ The Mesoamerican Indians having secured their food supply, turned to intellectual pursuits. They invented their own writing, astronomy

Measuring the electrical resistivity of a wire Lab Report

Measuring the electrical resistivity of a wire - Lab Report Example For a piece of the conductor, its resistance is determined using the following relationship; Where, L is the length of the wire where the voltage is measured, and A is the area of the cross-section of the wire. Resistivity is measured in ohm-meters (ÃŽ ©m). The cross sectional area can be determined using the following formula. Conductivity specifies the electrical character of the conductor in terms of its capability in conducting current. Conductivity is measured in units of ohm-meters (ÃŽ ©m-1). Most metals are very good electricity conductors (Bird, 2013). Validity is the process of determining whether or not the obtained data is correct and the degree of its validity (Holm, 2013). The process is done by obtaining the percentage errors in the readings reflecting the data accuracy. Percentage error: In every experiment, error are meant to occur due to measurement accuracies (Mathsisfun.com, 2012). In our experiment, we used the meter ruler where reading were made by eye observation. Direct observation can give different records due to different angles of view. The voltmeter and the ammeter also give wrong readings if they are not correctly calibrated. The next time we perform an experiment on the resistance of the conductor, we would first conduct research on the various factors affecting the resistance of the conductor in use and choose the most effective one. The experiment was performed by regulating the voltage on the circuit. Due to this regulations, the current flowing through the Iron conductor also changed. The reading of the different voltages were recorded and the corresponding current. Resistance was determined from the obtained recordings of the voltages and current. In the graphs obtained by plotting resistance against the length, it can be seen clearly how the length is proportionally related to the resistance. As the length increases so do the resistance. It clearly shows that our graph obeys Ohms law since the line passes