Animal Cruelty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Animal Cruelty - Research Paper Example They are beaten, kept in chains, enslaved, etc., and it is basically done for human entertainment. It is an issue since it is directly linked with any purchase behavior exhibited by human beings. Any product purchased by an individual encompasses some form of animal abuse. Animal cruelty is a global issue because overall consumer market demand is directly or indirectly associated with the slaughtering of animals. In the United States as well as across EU states, animal cruelty percentage has increased in recent years. Figure1 states number of animals which are utilized by European countries for their research and development. Similar trends as shown in figure1 is observed across other regions, making animal cruelty a global issue. The target audience of this paper is a young generation or students of schools and colleges. This topic holds significance for target audience since the focus will be on major developments for preventing animal cruelty. Young generation people are considere d to be future of any country and they should be the ones to eradicate such ill-treatment from society. Animal abuse cases have increased over the years and hence this topic is essential in the current context. According to figure2, many animal abuse cases have been closed without any such action and this has increased percentage rate of cruelty. Hence the current world scenario demands further research on this particular area. The increased percentage of animal cruelty cases indicates that there is a need for immediate action.

Electronic Recruiting System Description Assignment

Electronic Recruiting System Description - Assignment Example EmployDIVERSITY, Inc. offer employers the job posting prices for members and non-members. A single job posting which will go online for 30 days is charged with $75.00. The company, however, offers more affordable packages for five or 10 or more job postings which charge recruiters $60.00 and $50.00 respectively for a one-month posting service (â€Å"Job Posting Rates,† n.d.). Basic and Plus membership plans, moreover, are offered for $199.00 and $499.00 per quarter accordingly with services like free 10 to unlimited jobs postings in the duration of four months as well as unlimited resume bank access, unlimited resume search agents, free corporate profile and a link to a corporate web site with specified user access for each (â€Å"Job Posting Rates,† n.d.). The site of JobMonkey, Inc., on the other hand, turns out to be more affordable for employers as it costs $5.00 less than the first company’s price and for a duration twice longer as the first while four and six-month-period single job postings are given for $117.00 and $156.00 respectively (â€Å"Post a Job,† n.d.). Additionally and on the contrary to the first, JobMonkey, Inc. offer non-standardized packages that are designed specifically to suit the individual company’s needs. Setting up of a company profile, banner advertising, and access to job seeker database services are also offered and for specified fees. Featured employer listing service which will be posted on their Featured Employer section which will be charged with a $300, $500, and $700-rate for a three, six and 12-month service period is also considerably advertised as the feature is seen to increase job seeker visits to the company’s employment webpage and thus, faster recruitment process (â€Å"Post a Job,† n.d.).

The Justification By Faith

The Justification By Faith Justification is Gods divine intervention in the life of his children. To be justified simply means to be forgiven and out of the line of fire of Gods wrath against us due to sin. We all have some areas in our lives that we need Gods grace to come in and not cover, but to forgive. God has a planned purpose for all of His people no matter what ones past transgressions are. Gods aim is to have one to be in right relationship with Him and justification is the way that He accomplishes that. This is not to excuse ones self to self-righteous nature, but it ushers in the utter importance of dependence upon Christ and forever keeping in mind his atoning sacrifice on our behalf. Jesus death burial and resurrection is the basis in which this is accomplished. As we embark upon the endeavor of wrapping our minds around the notion of not having to walk around burdened down by our sins burdensome guilt stain, we begin to live a life of one who is free. We have to learn how to lay aside the weight and sin that has kept us in bondage for years. Justification bridges the gap between our old nature to the new nature and identity that one has in Christs blood covering. No longer can we trade biblical standards for the ways of the world, for in doing so, we place ourselves back into our former mind state. A life in Christ is about forward progression and not a backwards digression. We have to learn how to persevere in the things of Christ without wavering. We have to show forth evidence that our mind has been renewed and our past no longer is a hindrance in our right now of life. Without faith, justification would not be possible. Faith is the key that unlocks my identity in Christs planned will for our lives. It can be experienced by having faith and in submission to  [1]  salvation. One who has faith is one whos actively tries to align their lives with the example of Christ. It allows one to come to see the destructive power of sin and turn from it through repentance. Faith causes one to seek out Christ on a much deeper level. Before one can understand faith, you have to understand the nature of God. As we are justified by faith, we experience a peace with God that is unexplainable. One who does not share in the justifiable faith brings about condemnation upon themselves. We have neither the power nor the intellectual skill level in order to pronounce ourselves justified. Even at our very best, we still fall short when measured up against the standards of God. Without the indwelling power of the Holy Spirit, the gospel of Jesus Christ has no merit upon our lives. One whose mind is deeply rooted in sin cannot possibly seek after nor comprehend the things of the spirit. The spirit seeks after things of the spirit while things that are of the flesh seek after fleshly things. Sin will cause one to deny their inner awareness of the existence of God. We have evidences all throughout the Bible, yet sin still blinds the eyes of those who choose to develop a cognitively distorted views of who God is. Understanding justification is one of the most critical parts of the Christian faith. Once one comes to the realization of the true essence of justification, one can experience the joy of the gospels message. There has been a great divide amongst those who favor a false view of works as being the source of justification while its true essence is derived by faith alone. Justification is explicit in the process by which God makes salvation applicable in the life of an individual. After God calls the individual unto himself through the gospels effectual pull, regeneration begins to usher one towards repentance as well as faith. Justification follows faith and righteousness in the viewpoint of God belongs to us. In the sight of God, we are declared just and have no penalty charged for our past, neither present, nor future sins. As we find our identity in God, the guilt charge of condemnation is not applicable in the believers life as we are covered once and for all by the sacrificial atonement of Jesus Christ. As we are enlightened on the subject of justification and how it correlates with the sacrifice of Jesus, we discover that this is the third observation of impartation. This righteousness that is freely given in Christ is what God sees when He looks upon his people. Our goal in this life ought not to be to have a righteousness of our own, but rather we must allow Christ to be our wisdom, our knowledge, and our guide. Our righteousness depends on our faith. The most essential heart of the gospel of Jesus Christ is his perfection in the area of righteousness. He commands of us to be you holy as I am holy. This command is not an option, but one that is of great importance if one would like to experience the fullness of Christ. Without justification, we would have no assurance of our forgiveness with God, and no confidence in our heart where the fullness of faiths instrumental cause. If we were to rely on our own strengths and were not forever mindful of our weaknesses, there would be no room for Gods grace and will leave no room for error as our faith would lays upon our imperfect selfs. Faith solely in self clouds and confuses ones view of Gods grace and ultimately destroys the heart of the gospel.  [2]   Justification by Grace Alone All have sinned and fallen short of the glory of God. Since we are not morally competent enough to forgive ourselves or save ourselves from utter depravity, God institutes His grace and favor upon a dying world that has not the ability to redeem itself. Salvation is a free gift through the grace of God that stands apart from any works that we human beings may be able to perform. For it is by the grace of God that we are saved through faith and not by works lest any man shall boast (eph. 2; 8-9). Grace falls in direct contrast with our works and merit in such a way that grace is the only thing that saves us while justification is in direct sequence with our salvific experience. Justification through Faith in Christ In order to be justified, we have to have faith in Jesus Christ, and not works of any law of sorts. We are not justified by any inherent reason goodness of our faith as our faith earns no favor with God. Faith is the determining factor in which the obtaining of justification is possible. There is a reason why God chooses faith as the vehicle on the road to justification. Faith in the true and living God and the sacrifice of Christ is the one thing that will keep one from depending on oneself. When we come to Christ in a total dependency upon him, it is a total act of submission to the ways and the will of God. It is to say that one is totally and whole heartedly dependent upon God solely. Jesus gives one a righteous standing before God. Faith is the  [3]  opposite of self-reliance and is a declaration in the hearts and minds of those who are covered under grace. One has to have an attitude that is in alignment with thankful adoration for Gods unmerited favorable choice. The doctrinal implication of justification by faith is of upmost importance to salvation. This not only gives one hope within them, but it is a testimony to others who may be at the cross roads of unbelief. Life in Christ has an eternal cognitive. One who ministers Christ to another must attest an accurate depiction of the total submission and reliance upon what a life of faith looks like from an eternal view. When you are justified, you dont have to worry about God taking out vengeance out on ones past sins. As we come before the Lord, we shall hear not guilty as a result of the devils accusations. In conclusion, one has to be confident in Gods declaring a not guilty plea upon their lives. We are justified by faith in Christs unselfish sacrifice in which gives us a pardon from our past sins. There is therefore no condemnation in those who are in Christ Jesus (Romans 8:31). We can now live a life free of the guilt and stain of our sins. Gods unmerited favor is what allows us to be covered by the blood of Jesus. Christ made a sacrifice to justify.

Plea Bargains: Currency of The Courts Essay -- Law

â€Å"Rahim Jaffer case heads for plea-bargain†; former Alberta MP Rahim Jaffer was being charged on cocaine possession and drunk-driving charges; his case was likely to be resolved with a plea-bargain agreement (Makin, 2010). This is but one case of many that are settled though a plea-bargain agreement. Plea-bargaining can take the form of a sentence reduction, a withdrawal or stay of other charges, or, a promise not proceed on other charges, in exchange for a guilty plea by an accused. During discussion of a potential plea bargain agreement, the Crown Attorney and defence lawyer will look at 4 distinct sections of a plea negotiation: charge discussions, sentence discussions, procedural discussions, and agreements as to the facts of the offence and the narrowing of issues in order to expedite the trial ("Plea bargaining," 2011). According to the Department of Justice, approximately 90% of criminal cases are resolved each year by use of plea-bargaining (â€Å"Findlaw,† 2012). Despite what appears on its face to be rampant use of the plea agreement, plea negotiations are incredibly helpful to our court system. First, plea agreements serve to diminish the overload of cases and avoid lengthy trials, thus avoiding appeals of trial decisions and allowing greater access to the justice system. In turn, a less burdened court system can focus its efforts on the most serious of criminal offences thereby ensuring that such cases are handled in the manner with the greatest likelihood of securing a conviction. Overall, this judicial efficiency results in a cost savings and better allocation of resources. This paper will explore these two main benefits and also discuss potential criticisms of the plea bargain system. Plea-Bargaining has become... ..., 2012, from http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/icg-gci/pb4-rpc4.html Plea bargaining. (2011, February 28). Retrieved from http://www.victimsofviolence.on.ca/rev2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=378&Itemid=197 Plea bargaining in canada. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2002/rr02_5/p3.html Romaniuk, T. (n.d.). Centre for Constitutional Studies - R. v. Askov.Faculty of Law Home - University of Alberta. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.law.ualberta.ca/centres/ccs/rulings/Ask Tappscott. (2012). street directory. Retrieved from http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/14026/legal_matters/plea_bargaining_pros_and_cons.html Young, R. (2011, November 16). Cutbacks have some courts dismissing criminal cases. Here & Noe. Retrieved April 19, 2012, from http://www.hereandnow.wbur.org/2011/11/16/budget-cuts-court

A Case Study of Afghan Women’s Rights Essay

Afghanistan has experienced almost three decades of continuous conflict, which has undermined the physical and sexual security of Afghan women in rural as well as urban environments. In a historical analysis, rape prevalence and sexual violence are directly related to ethnic conflict and warring factions. The International Coalition has exacerbated the problem of warlord-dominance in the countryside by utilizing Northern Alliance militias in the â€Å"War on Terror.† These militias have records of extensive human rights abuses and war crimes, including the perpetration of systemic rape campaigns for ethnic-cleansing. Human rights abuses force Afghan women to live in terror.1 Sixteen-year-old Nazia’s family wedded her to a forty-year-old man, Mumtaz, in September 2007.2 Two weeks later, her husband beat her for no obvious reason. 3 Mumtaz had become suspicious that Nazia met other men secretly, so he beat her until she fainted See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay .4 He tied her down and broke her teeth with a stone.5 He poured boiling water on her feet.6 When Nazia subsequently did not cook dinner for him because she could not stand, he tied her up and beat her again.7 While enduring the violence, she felt an excruciating pain in her left and right ears and tasted blood flowing down her face.8 Mumtaz had cut off her ears and her nose with hisknife.9 Nazia’s story, told from her hospital bed in Qalat,Afghanistan, 10 serves as an example of the plight of women in Afghanistan11 and the human rights violations targeted atwomen.12 Human rights abuses against Afghan women occur daily.13 Women face punishment such as public whippings, stonings, and imprisonment for inadvertently exposing their ankles or for wearing brightly colored shoes.’ 14 Although Afghanistan’s current constitution,15 and the international treaties 16 to which Afghanistan is a signatory, enumerate equal rights for women and men, 17 poor law enforcement, lack of awareness about women’s rights,and conservative traditions 18 prevent the promise of equal rights from becoming a reality.19 Despite these guarantees of women’s fundamental rights, significant challenges remain for Afghan women in terms of implementing the constitutional provisions, and reconciling the more conservative and male-dominated aspects of Afghan society with culturally pragmatic conceptions of gender equality.20 The 2003 Constitution also requires that Afghanistan abide by international conventions that it has signed,21 including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (â€Å"CEDAW†),22 yet Afghan women and girls continue to suffer from entrenched discrimination throughout the country. 23 As a result, Afghanistan is currently a haven for severe human rights abuses against women and girls.24 Women are the victims of discrimination and human rights abuses because Islamic societies often interpret human rights for women to conflict with Islamic law. 25 Afghanistan is one of these societies.26 Despite equal rights for women and men written in the 2003 Constitution, Afghan women are not afforded rights equal to men in practice, and they presently live in terror. 27 This comment addresses gender rights in Afghanistan, focusing on continuing human rights violations28 despite Afghanistan’s international treaty obligations 29 and prohibitions against discrimination in the 200 3 Afghan Constitution. A member of the Bamyan Provincial Council, Wahidi Beheshti, is accused of killing a young girl named Shakila on January 22 this year in his own house in Bamyan province. She had been raped by Beheshti and then killed with a gun of his bodyguard. Beheshti’s family claimed Shakila had committed suicide; however forensics proved that she had been killed. Wahidi Beheshti denied any involvement in the matter but the police had also said that Shakila had been killed with a gun of Beheshti’s bodyguard Qurban. Also the forensics who performed the postmortem said they had found evidence that Shakila had been raped by Beheshti before she was killed. According to Mohammad Alam, Shakila’s brother, both Beheshti and his nephew Abdul Wahab were present at the scene of the murder but both denied their presence. He had told Bokhdi News Agency, â€Å"Wahidi Beheshti threatened my family by phone several times and demanded that we cooperate with them so that the matter is resolve d quietly. He promised in his phone calls that he will pay the court money to free Qurban (accused of murder) and wrap up the matter in whatever way possible.† Wahidi Beheshti’s brother Fokori Beheshti is a member of the parliament and his father was a strongman in the area during the 1990s. The case is under deliberation in a court in Bamyan province but Beheshti’s powerful brother and friends are trying to free him by any means possible. According to sources Fokori Beheshti, Said Hussain Anwari and Said Alimi Balkhi (all members of the national assembly) have pressurized the police forensics not to present evidence of Shakila’s rape by Wahidi Beheshti to the court. In a country where so-called lawmakers rape and kill an innocent girl, it is only natural to expect obstruction of justice. There are thousands of Shakilas who die victims or live a life of pain and sufferings, and hundreds of Beheshtis who roam about freely thanks to the impunity given to them by cruel local commanders, misogynist lawmakers and judges, and ultimately the corrupt mafia government.30 During the consultations, a majority of women expressed that they have not meaningfully participated in planning for the Security Transition. In the provinces where Transition has yet to officially start, women do not believe they will be involved in consultations to determine future plans, steps, and activities associated with the transfer of security authority. Recent consultations also revealed that women do not feel that Afghan National Security Forces are responsive to women’s needs and do not uphold human rights standards. Women perceive Afghan National Security Forces as not having the full capacity and expertise necessary to address the security needs of Afghan citizens, especially women and children. They also believe that in recent years, little attention has been given to build the capacity of ANSF to improve civilian adherence to existing laws and advance rule of law by demonstrating that people who violate laws will be punished. However, women still expressed a strong interest in the international community continuing to work to build the capacity and adequately resource the ANSF. Policy makers in Afghanistan reiterate again and again that transition is not about military and security matters alone, however practical experience on the ground shows that there isn’t adequate attention paid to improving rule of law, governance, and access to justice. Similarly, it is unclear how such processes are impacting women’s security. Transition should start from a citizen-articulated vision in which women and men of Afghanistan take responsibility for their better future. The road map for the exit of international forces is necessary; however, an accelerated withdrawal will jeopardize the investments of human life and material resources generously contributed by more than 40 nations, not to mention the numerous casualties of Afghan National Security Forces and enormous sacrifice by the this country’s women, men and children. Women organizations and activists have better access to local communities and are aware about the challenges and causes of insecurity in their communities; therefore they should be consulted and included to ensure that security and transition plans are implemented successfully. BACKGROUND A. Treatment of Women in Afghanistan from the Rule of the Soviet Union to the Present Following civil war in Afghanistan in 1978, the Soviet Union took control of Afghanistan and created many opportunities for women,including aggressive literacy programs.31 Under the Soviet Union’s Communist regimefrom 1979 to 1992, Afghan women enjoyed equal rights and social, economic, and political freedom.32 In the 1980s, the Communists enforced equal rights for women and men in a civil-war-torn Afghanistan.33 As a result, women held a greater number of business, law enforcement, and Parliament positions than they did prior to the civil war. 34 Furthermore, education and employment became more socially acceptable for women.35 As a result, women assumed positions as lawyers, entertainers, and doctors.36 As part of this greater freedom, women saw more educational, employment, and professional opportunities. 37 In 1979, female students even outnumbered male students at universities.38In 1992, 39 the Communist regime fell and the Islamic State of Afghanistan assumed control.40 Subsequently, the â€Å"rights and dignity of women went out the window 41 The 1977 constitution that guaranteed equal rights for women and men was â€Å"thrown out 42 The Islamic State of Afghanistan began to remove women’s rights systematically, and institutionalized various violations against women.43 In 1993, the Islamic State of Afghanistan ruled women must be completely covered, women could not wear perfume or makeup, and women’s freedom and mobility would be restricted.44The justification for these rulings was that men become too excited by women and are tempted to stray from the Islamic way of life, and the restrictions on women reduce this temptation.45 In addition, other, more violent human rights abuses towards women occurred under the Islamic State of Afghanistan, such as torture, rape, and sexual abuse.46 Interestingly, also in 1993, as part of the Vienna Declaration,47 Afghanistan formally reaffirmed its â€Å"faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, and in the equal rights of men and women 48 The Vienna Declaration also stressed the importance of eliminating violence against women and â€Å"any conflicts that may arise between the rights of women and the harmful effects of certain traditional or customary practices, cultural prejudices and religious extremism.49 Despite Afghanistan’s part in the Vienna Declaration, human rights abuses against women continued as the Taliban 50 emerged as a volatile presence in Afghanistan.51 Taliban rule, which lasted from 1996 to 2001,52 resulted in major setbacks for women.53 The Taliban developed as a political-religious force,54 and eventually seized the cities of Kandahar in 1994, Herat in 1995, and Kabul, Afghanistan’s capital, in 1996.55 Before the Taliban captured Kabul, women made up seventy percent of teachers, forty percent of doctors, and generally worked in all areas of employment.56 After the Taliban fully seized power, it severely oppressed women’s rights. 57 The oppressive Taliban policies violated United Nations treaties, but the Taliban asserted that the treaties’ duties were inconsistent with religious law and cultural practices.58 The Taliban began by closing all schools for girls and forbidding women to work outside the house. 59 The Taliban imposed rules on women, restricting their freedom of movement, dress, education, and employment.60 The women and girls who violated these rules received punishments, including beatings on the streets, amputation of limbs, and public executions.61 The Taliban justified its practices in accordance with its interpretation of the Quran,62claiming to follow a pure, fundamentalist Islamic ideology.63 Taliban leaders enforced the law as they saw fit and prohibited differing interpretation. 64 The plight of Afghan women living under the Taliban regime became an issue of global concern. 65 After the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, and the subsequent United States military invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, the Taliban regime collapsed.66 This development presented women with the opportunity to fight for gender equality.67On December 5, 2001, the Bonn Agreements 68 mandated that the Transitional Administration of Afghanistan set up a Constitutional Commission to draft a new constitution.69 The Constitutional Commission’s mandate was to ascertain the Afghan people’s desires, both within the country and abroad, regarding their new constitution.70 The thirty-five member commission drafted the new constitution. 71 Seven of the thirty-five commission members were women, 72 which ensured the â€Å"participation of women in the constitution making process73 As part of the drafting commission, Afghan women w ere finally able to play a role in addressing women’s fundamental rights in the 2003 Constitution.74 INTERNATIONAL POLICY: REVIW AND RECOMMENDATIONS War and political insecurity in Afghanistan are directly related to rape incidence and sexual violence, especially under a free reign of ethnically divided militia factions. By empowering the Northern Alliance militias, the international community has created a long-term institutional problem that will undermine the democratic transition. Not only do these warlords have the military capacity to affect the electoral processes in their localities, but their de facto rule of the countryside also incapacitates the central authority in maintaining effective governance. The preponderance of warlords has also been legitimized through the democratic process, which offers militia commanders an opportunity to engage the political process in an official capacity while secretly maintaining their criminal and military powers. As a result, the international community has made the long-term presence of coalition military forces necessary for maintaining law and order. Because the international community empowered these militias in the War on Terror, the presence of international forces is required to keep the commanders under control, in order to avoid the brutality and violence of the civil war period. The recent decision by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to increase the number of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops to expand the international mission into the unstable countryside is the most recent attempt to bolster the central government’s effectiveness in the rural regions.75 The expanded mission has been hailed as the solution to transition from warlord rule to democratic self-governance. The Canadian military recently announced that its new troop contingent expects to remain in Kandahar province for up to 20 years to help restore the country and prevent another collapse into civil war. These forces are expected to act as a stabilizing force to keep warlords in check. However, a long-term international presence might be alarming to Afghans who have a history of deep xenophobia and hostility towards occupying forces. Furthermore, regional and international power struggles between Pakistan and India, and the USA and Russia have exacerbated Afghanistan’s internal fragmentation, as international military forces continue to mobilize paramilitary groups against their rivals. Afghan people have also grown suspicious of the international humanitarian agenda in Afghanistan, which diverts a majority percentage of international funds to private security and foreign salaries, rather than food, medicine, or other vitally needed supplies for Afghan people. There are four key actions that the International Coalition and civil society actors must consider in order to correct the political chaos that has emerged in the post-Taliban period, which undermines the rights and protection of Afghan women. First, American forces must stop financing militias for use against the Taliban and al-Qaeda in the War on Terror. By utilizing these proxy militias, the international community has disempowered Afghan people and undermined the capacity of the central government to protect its citizens and enforce its laws. The resulting political instability and preponderance of foreign-backed warlords and militia groups in the countryside also directly threatens both the physical and sexual security of rural Afghan women. Second, the warlords that the US-led coalition co-opted during the offensive against the Taliban, who now hold official Parliamentary and Cabinet positions in the central government, must be stripped of their political power in the new democ racy. Furthermore, those warlords accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including sexual abuse, must be brought before both local courts and international tribunals. In order to establish a culture of social reconciliation and peace-building, all human rights violations committed during the four war periods must be resolved through legal and social mechanisms that provide rape victims with the opportunity to seek justice for atrocities perpetrated against them. Traditional values, especially those pertaining to women, the family, and social justice, must be considered in the development of laws that address violence against women. Third, in order to address the survival needs of the majority of Afghan women, international civil society actors must invest in rural development, health, and education, and co-operate with local partner organizations. Currently, international funding for humanitarian assistance is directed primarily towards the more stable and accessible urban envi ronments, where international organizations have developed isolated communities of wealthy ex-patriots. Rampant accusations that non-governmental organizations have squandered Afghanistan’s international funding through dubious projects and lofty salaries for foreign workers must also be investigated, in order to establish legitimacy and accountability within the civil society network. The creation of an internationally-sponsored, government-monitored, socially responsible, and grassroots civil society in rural Afghanistan would empower rural women in their communities and increase the capacity of the central government in the lawless countryside. Fourth, the traditional Islamic culture and values of Afghans must be respected in the development of women’s rights policies. Historically, Afghans have opposed radical changes in women’s social and legal status, especially those that they perceived violated the principles of Islamic law. In order to maintain a semblance of legitimacy with rural peoples, the international community must demonstrate an understanding of and respect for traditional norms and Islamic religious values, including those pertaining to women. By operating within culturally sensitive frameworks, the international community would avoid hostile backlash and better address the needs of Afghan women. The failure of the state of Afghanistan remains the most fundamental obstacle in the promotion of gender equality, as without the strength to enforce domestic legal and political reforms in rural areas, the government is ineffectual in most of the country. The International Coalition in Afghanistan must cease empowering and enabling warlords and militia commanders for convenient military purposes, which fundamentally impedes efforts to bring rapists and human rights violators to justice in local and international arenas. Coalition forces and the international community must also remain conscious of the deep Islamic character of the Afghan people, as it pertains to cultural norms that apply to women, sex, and family relations. The recommendations listed above build upon and supplement the concrete recommendations developed by Afghan women who have advocated for their inclusion in peace and security processes over many years. Each time, women have worked to develop solutions for what needs to be done to improve their situation. AWN brings a number of these recommendations back to the memory of policy makers who may have read Afghan Women Position Paper toward Bonn and Beyond. This is a reflection to evaluate the level of seriousness and attention that might have been put towards the demands of women since September 2011. 1. Women’s organization should be included in designing, monitoring and evaluating indicators that measure the impact of transition on women. Transition decisions should be based, in part, on results of this monitoring. 2. The recruitment of Afghan Local Police (ALP) and other security alternative needs to include a transparent vetting process so that former and current warlords with previous record of human rights violations do not automatically become part of the national forces. A portion of the vetting process should be community based, allowing women’s groups and women from communities to report on the background of the newly enrolled security forces 3. Women leaders in government and civil society are under constant attack, while it is necessary to ensure women’s protection in general, women leaders’ protection needs to be a priority as per their critical role as agents of change in society against conservative elements taking Afghanistan back to 199 0. 4. The Afghan government should have a clear reporting process for the human rights instruments and international laws that it has signed and needs to demonstrate that Afghan laws are not in contradiction with its international legal commitments for women. 5. A joint International Afghanistan War Memory Commission should be created so that the past 30 years of war violations are identified and there is a documentation process as a matter of conflict prevention. Such an investigation does not have to conclude in a legal trial but a memory of war and the beginning of a healing process. Otherwise, the practice of impunity will not unite Afghans towards a rule of law culture. CONCLUSION Afghanistan is still a haven for gender violence and discrimination despite equal rights enumerated in the Afghan Constitution. 76The Afghan Constitution requires that Afghanistan abide by the UDHR, the U.N. Charter, and other international treaties to which Afghanistan is a signatory. 77 However, these rights are unrealized in practice due to problems with the judiciary, such as lack of training and corruption,78 and the lack of awareness among the Afghan people of the law.79 To remedy these problems, Afghanistan should interpret its Constitution in accordance with Islamic laws following the examples of Iran80 and Egypt81 Afghanistan should train the judiciary not only on secular law, but on how to interpret the Constitution and international law in accordance with Sharia. If feasible, respected Islamic judges from Egypt should provide guidance to Afghanistan’s judges.Furthermore, Afghanistan should simultaneously disseminate information like the Bench Book 82 to increase women’s awareness and understanding of their rights and the procedural mechanisms to report infringement upon their rights. As Afghanistan continues to develop and strengthen its legal infrastructure within the framework of Islamic law, progressive interpretation of the Sharia is necessary in order for constitutional laws to be accepted and followed by Muslims.83 As the people of Afghanistan become more aware of the laws that govern their state and as they accept that women’s rights principles can co-exist with Islamic principles, women’s participation in society and politics will improve. This would be a large and overdue step for Afghanistan. References: 1. See Jessica Nash, Editorial, Afghan Women Forced to Live in Terror, W. GEORGIAN, Oct. 17, 2007, http://media.www.thewestgeorgian.com/media/storage/paper523/news/2007/10/1 7/Opinion/Afghan.Women.Forced.To.Live.In.Terror-3035567-page2.shtml. 2. Nazia Afghanistan: â€Å"My Husband Cut off My Ears and Nose and Broke My Teeth,† IRIN NEWS, Dec. 26, 2007, http://www.irinnews.org/HOVReport.aspx?ReportId=76003. 3. Id. 4. Id. 5. Id. 6. Id. 7. Id. 8. Nazia Afghanistan: â€Å"My Husband Cut off My Ears and Nose and Broke My Teeth,† supra note 2. 9. Id. (showing pictures of the mutilation). 10. Id. 11. Michael Stittle, Warlords No Better Than Taliban, Says Afghan MP, CTV NEWS, Nov. 8. 2007, http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071107/Malalai-Joya 071107/20071107/. 12. See Nash, supra note 1. 13. See id. 14. Id. 15. The 502 delegate Loya Jirga (â€Å"Grand Council†) passed the 2003 Afghan Constitution on January 4, 2004, which governs Afghanistan today. JAMES INGALUS, THE NEW AFGHAN CONSTITUTION: A STEP BACKWARDS FOR DEMOCRACY 1-2 (2004), http://www.fpif.org/papers/2004afghanconst.html. 16. See infra notes 105-09 and accompanying text. 17. See infra notes 87-90. 18. Women Workers Exposed to Health Risks in Herat Factories, IRIN NEWS, Oct. 30, 2007, http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75048. 19. See, e.g., Nash, supra note 1 (explaining that women’s freedoms are restricted every day in Afghanistan). 20. Horia Mosadiq, The New Afghan Constitution: How Women Succeeded in Ensuring Certain Rights and What Challenges Remain, 3 CRITICAL HALF 28, 28 (2005), available at http://www. womenforwomen.org/news-women-forwomen/ files/crit-half/CHJournalv3.pdf. 21. AFG. CONST. art. 7, available at http://afghanland.com/history/constitution.html. 22. United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: States Parties, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/states.htm (last visited Oct. 18, 2008) [hereinafter CEDAW: States Parties]. 23. Human Rights Watch, More Business Than Usual: The Work Which Awaits the Human Rights Council, Mar. 12, 2007, http://hrw.org/englisb/docs/2007/03/12/sudanl5471.htm [hereinafter HRW, More Business Than Usual]. 24. Id. 25. Katherine M. Weaver, Comment, Women’s Rights and Shari’a Law: A Workable Reality? An Examination of Possible International Human Rights Approaches through the Continuing Reform of the Pakistani Hudood Ordinance, 17 DUKE J. COMP. & INT’L L. 483, 483 (2007). 26. See supra notes 15-21 and accompanying text.27. See Nash, supra note 1. 28. HRW, More Business Than Usual, supra note 23 (â€Å"Afghan women and girls continue to suffer from entrenched discrimination throughout the country.†). 29. CEDAW: States Parties, supra note 22. Afghanistan acceded the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women on March 5, 2003. Id. 30. See http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2012/07/18/a-member-of-bamyan-s-provincial-council-accused-of-raping-and-murdering-a-teenage-girl.html .

Of Mice and Men Chapter Summary Essay

Chapter One Two itinerant workers, George and Lennie, are introduced. They rest in a small clearing by the Salinas River, on their way to a nearby ranch where they expect to sign on for work. They have hurriedly left the last ranch, following an incident involving Lennie in Weed. Lennie pleads with George to tell him over and over again about their dream ranch, where Lennie’s main task will be to tend the rabbits. Lennie’s Aunt Clara, whom he refers to as â€Å"that Lady†, is briefly introduced to the novel, as is Lennie’s love of petting mice. Key Points: †¢ Introduction of George and Lennie – character descriptions (p.19-20) †¢ We first hear about the American Dream (p. 31-33) †¢ First hints of what happened in Weed (p.24, 29) Chapter Two The next day George and Lennie arrive at the ranch and go to the bunk house, where they meet most of the other main characters in the novel: Candy, an old â€Å"swamper† with only one hand; Curley, the boss’s son; the boss, who is suspicious that George will not let Lennie speak for himself; Curley’s â€Å"purty† young wife, who flirts with the other men; Slim, the top ranch hand who is respected by all the other ranch hands; and Carlson, another of the established hands. Slim is friendly towards George and Lennie. His bitch dog has recently given birth to pups and begs George to ask him if he will give one to Lennie as a pet. Key Points: †¢ Introduction of the other characters (and mention of Crooks, the stable buck) – character descriptions are throughout the chapter †¢ We can begin to see the hierarchy on the ranch – introduction of Curley (p.46-48) – introduction of Slim (p.55-57) – CONTRAST †¢ Introduction of Curley’s wife – important for the theme of sexist attitudes towards women? (p.53-54) Chapter Three George reveals to Slim the real reason why he and Lennie travel together. Slim realises that Lennie has the mentality of a child. George tells Slim about the supposed rape in Weed involving Lennie. Carlson bullies Candy into allowing him to shoot his ageing, smelly, rheumatic dog. George, at Lennie’s insistence, describes to him again their dream farm, and Candy who is listening in, also becomes enchanted by the idea. Curley starts a fight with Lennie and at George’s command Lennie eventually unleashes his strength and crushes Curley’s hand with ease. Slim persuades Curley that to avoid further humiliation, it would be in his best interests to pretend that his hand got caught in a machine. Key Points: †¢ Further character development of George and Lennie – reader gets more of an insight into their past together – George’s â€Å"confession† of how he used to treat Lennie ( p.65-66) †¢ Shooting of Candy’s dog – a forewarning of what is to happen to Lennie? Because the relationship between Candy and his dog could be seen as similar to George and Lennie’s. (p.70-72†¦74-76) †¢ George and Lennie realise their dream could become a reality, as Candy gets involved, and the three realise they could save the money together (p.83-89) Chapter Four All the men go into town on Saturday night except Lennie, Candy and Crooks. Crooks reluctantly allows Lennie into his room where they talk and Crooks taunts Lennie that George may not return, leaving Lennie on his own. Lennie begins to panic at this thought and Crooks is forced to apologise in an attempt to calm Lennie down. Candy joins them and he and Lennie let slip to Crooks their intention to buy a farm. They are interrupted by Curley’s wife, who is looking for company. Candy and Crooks resent her presence and when Crooks orders her out of his room, she attacks him verbally, using her superior social status as a white woman. Key Points †¢ Proper meeting of Crooks’ character – insight into life as a coloured man in 1930’s America and the hardships he has suffered. (p. 98-105) †¢ Character development of Curley’s wife – a sense of vulnerability is revealed about her as she describes how her life could have been if she wasn’t married to Curley – the grim reality of life is shown when she attacks the three men when they tell her to leave. (p.109-115) Chapter Five Most of the men are outside the barn playing at throwing horseshoes. Only Lennie is in the barn, where he has just accidentally killed his pup by stroking it too hard. Curley’s wife comes in and starts to flirt with Lennie who confesses to her his liking for stroking nice things. She invites him to stroke her long, soft hair, but as his stroking becomes harder, she panics; the harder her strokes the more she panics and in the end, Lennie accidentally breaks her neck. He half buries her body in the hay and runs off. Candy discovers Curley’s wife’s body and informs the rest of the men. Curley is furious and decides to seek revenge, organising a man-hunt to pursue and kill Lennie. Slim suggests that Curley stay with his wife, but Curley shows his true feelings for her as he is more concerned about getting revenge on Lennie that grieving for the loss of his wife. Reluctantly, George joins the hunt. Key Points: †¢ Further development of Lennie – a violent side to him which was always present is shown in the extreme, although it is made clear that Lennie meant no harm – killing the pup (p. 121) – killing of Curley’s Wife (p. 127-128) †¢ CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT – Curley’s Wife’s dream to become an actress, how her dream never worked out (p.124-125) – in death she appears more vulnerable and innocent, and the most positive way in which Curley’s wife is portrayed throughout the novel is in death – (p.129) †¢ Character development of Candy – the importance of the dream to him in particular is shown (p. 132) †¢ Curley’s lack of love for his wife even when she has been killed – all he thinks about is revenge (p.133, 135) Chapter Six George meets up with Lennie at the clearing where he had instructed Lennie to go in the event of any trouble. Lennie is panicking and George attempts to calm him down by telling him once again about their dream ranch. George distracts Lennie’s attention and shoots him in the back of the head with Carlson’s Luger pistol which he had stolen from the bunk house. The other men come running to where George and Lennie were on hearing the gun shot. When Carlson asks George how he killed Lennie, George replies tiredly â€Å"I just done it†. Slim kindly tells George he â€Å"hadda† kill Lennie, and the two go for a drink. The novel ends: â€Å"Curley and Carlson looked after them. And Carlson said, â€Å"Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin’ them two guys?† Key Points: †¢ The novel ends where it began – by the Salinas River with George and Lennie by the brush †¢ CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT of Lennie – for the first time, the reader gets an insight into Lennie’s mind as he hallucinates, whereas before throughout the novel Lennie appears simplistic and not much feeling is shown. (?) †¢ Lennie’s death – like Candy’s dog, but George does it himself – Candy wishes he had killed his dog himself. †¢ Bond formed between Slim and George, which, like George and Lennie’s bond, seems unusual and strange to the other men – Carlson, who perhaps has never known such a close bond between itinerant workers, says â€Å"Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin’ them two guys?† – He will never understand the close bond Slim and George now share.

Things Fall Apart and White Men Church Essays

Things Fall Apart and White Men Church Essays Things Fall Apart and White Men Church Essay Things Fall Apart and White Men Church Essay Essay Topic: Things Fall apart Things Fall Apart and White Men Church BY sauced0711 Things Fall Apart In the Book Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe, the main character Okonkwo has to struggle with a struggling society especially when the white people come and try to industrialize and try to spread Christianity to the people of the clan. But the society also believed a lot in manliness and side swiped their main goal, an interviewer once was told by Achebe, That particular society has believed too much in manliness. Perhaps this is part of the reason it crashed. I believe this statement is particularly true because Okonkwo left a lot of things unsolved for, because he wanted to seem more like a man and not like his father. One example of them believing too much in their manliness was when his son decided to Join the white men church and leave the clan. What he did was Just say that he had other sons and that he was going to raise them well and have them be of high rank. On page 172 the author writes, The the tragedy of his first son had occurred. At first it appeared as if it might prove too great of his spirit. But it was a resilient spirit, and in the end Okonkwo overcame his sorrow. He had five other sons and he would bring them up the way of the clan. This shows that Okonkwo was willing to put his manliness first in his priorities then trying to get his son back with him. If he would of set his manliness aside and went to get his son back then things would of changed because the church would have had one less member, and a society is only as string as its members. Also if he would have gone to get his son then he would have not gone through the rieving process he went through. Another example of him making his manliness his first priority was when he was talking about how Nwoye was not manly enough and how he would need to change that. On page 66 the author writes, Nwoye is old enough to impregnate a women. At his age I was already fending for myself. No, my friend, he is not too young. A chick that will grow into a cock can be spotted that very day it hatches. I have done my best to make Nwoye grow into a man In this statement Okonkwo is saying that it hurts im that his oldest son is not manly enough and that there is nothing much that he can do to help with that. Is Okonkwo would of stopped worrying about his sons manliness and worried about the clan and how it was being over taken by the white men, then the clan might of stood a chance since they were being proactive and fought against the white men putting a church in the evil forest. Also because Okonkwo was too worried about his sons manliness and how he did not want him to end up like his father then he was totally oblivious to what was going to happen to is lan. The last example of them worrying too much of their manliness was when Okonkwo killed Ikemefuna. By killing Ikemefuna Okonkwos whole life changed and all of the bad things started to happen to him and his clan. On page 61 the author writes as the man who had cleared his throat drew up and raised his machete. Okonkwo looked away. He heard the blow. The pot fell and broke on the sand Okonkwo drew his machete and cut him down. He was afraid of being thought weak. Here the author shows how Okonkwo was willing to kill someone he loved as his son In order to not 100K weak In Tront 0T nls clan memoers. Hurtnermore, IT IKemeTuna would of lived then Nowoye would of not Joined the church and would of set his priority to becoming manly and making his father proud. Because this did not happen it shows how the clan members are cruel and how they didnt care about how other people feel but when it came to the white men they were completely cowards and didnt care if the white men thought they were manly or not. In conclusion the down fall of the clan was brought by them due to them worrying bout their manliness and not wanting to do anything about the white men and their Christianity.

Common risk factors for cancer

Common risk factors for cancer The most common risk factors for cancer are heredity, where it is passed down from generation to generation; age, which can be targeted to several different age groups; race, which is targeted to specific individuals within a heritage group; and the unknown.Heredity transfer does increase the risk for these type of cancers which include but are not limited to testicular, colon, breast (although very rare), ovarian, and prostate. If there is a history of these types of cancers in the family all precautions should be taken to prevent or catch the disease early in the stage. Therefore, testing should be completed on an annual basis.Age can also be a factor with several different types of cancer which can be but are not limited to colon, rectal, stomach, breast and kidney which is targeted at the 50 and over generations. Prostate cancer is targeted at the 65 and older generation.English: Relative survival of invasive epithelial ...Uterine or Endometrial cancer usually occurs after age 55 but has been seen as young as 14 in women. Pancreatic cancer in men and ovarian cancer is most seen in women over 60; and oral cancer after age 40 and is most dominant with men. The younger generations aged 20-35 are highly at risk for testicular cancer. Multiple myeloma is diagnosed as early as 70 years old.Race and/or sex also play a role in cancer traits. But cancers that can be somewhat controlled are the cancers that can be prevented with healthy diets, no smoking or tobacco chewing, one sex partner, and sun radiation protection are just a few behaviors that can be changed or modified to decrease the risk of be inflicting with cancer.

The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution

The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution On March 4, 1789, the first group of United States senators reported for duty in the brand new U.S. Congress. For the next 124 years, while many new senators would come and go, not a single one of them would have been elected by the American people. From 1789 to 1913, when the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, all U.S. senators were chosen by the state legislatures. Key Takeaways: The 17th Amendment The 17th Amendment to the United States Constitution provides for the election of senators by voters in the states they are to represent, rather than by the state legislatures and establishes the method for filling vacancies in the Senate.The 17th Amendment was proposed in 1912 and ratified on April 8, 1913. Senators were first elected by the people in Maryland in 1913, and nationwide in the general election of November 3,1914. The 17th Amendment provides that senators should be directly elected by voters in the states they are to represent, rather than by the state legislatures. It also provides a method for filling vacancies in the Senate. The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and adopted in 1913 after being ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the then 48 states. Senators were first elected by voters in special elections in Maryland in 1913 and Alabama in 1914, then nationwide in the general election of 1914. With the right of the people to choose some of the most powerful officials of the U.S. federal government seemingly such an integral part of American democracy, why did it take so for that right to be granted? Background The framers of the Constitution, convinced that senators should not be popularly elected, crafted Article I, section 3 of the Constitution to state, â€Å"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.† The framers felt that allowing the state legislatures to choose senators would secure their loyalty to the federal government, thus increasing the Constitution’s chances of ratification. In addition, the framers felt that senators chosen by their state legislatures would be better able to concentrate on the legislative process without having to deal with public pressure. While the first measure to amend the Constitution to provide for the election of senators by popular vote was introduced in the House of Representatives in 1826, the idea failed to gain traction until the late 1850s when several state legislatures began to deadlock over the election of senators resulting in lengthy un-filled vacancies in the Senate. As Congress struggled to pass legislation dealing with momentous issues like slavery, states’ rights, and threats of state secession , the Senate vacancies became a critical issue. However, the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, along with the long post-war period of reconstruction, would further delay action on the popular election of senators. During reconstruction, the difficulties of passing legislation needed to reunite the still-ideologically divided nation were further complicated by Senate vacancies. A law passed by Congress in 1866 regulating how and when senators were chosen in each state helped, but deadlocks and delays in several state legislatures continued. In one extreme example, Delaware failed to send a senator to Congress for four years from 1899 to 1903. Constitutional amendments to elect senators by popular vote were introduced in House of Representatives during every session from 1893 to 1902. The Senate, however, fearing the change would diminish its political influence, rejected them all. Widespread public support for change came in 1892 when the newly-formed Populist Party made the direct election of senators a key part of its platform. With that, some states took the matter into their own hands. In 1907, Oregon became the first state to select its senators by direct election. Nebraska soon followed suit, and by 1911, more than 25 states were selecting their senators through direct popular elections. The States Force Congress to Act When the Senate continued to resist the growing public demand for the direct election of senators, several states invoked a rarely-used constitutional strategy. Under Article V of the Constitution, Congress is required to call a constitutional convention for the purpose of amending the Constitution whenever two-thirds of the states demand it to do so. As the number of states applying to invoke Article V neared the two-thirds mark, Congress decided to act. Debate and Ratification In 1911, one of the senators who had been popularly elected, Senator Joseph Bristow from Kansas, offered a resolution proposing the 17th Amendment. Despite significant opposition, the Senate narrowly approved Senator Bristow’s resolution, largely on the votes of senators who recently had been popularly elected. After long, often heated debate, the House finally passed the amendment and sent it to the states for ratification in the spring of 1912. On May 22, 1912, Massachusetts became the first state to ratify the 17th Amendment. Connecticuts approval on April 8, 1913, gave the 17th Amendment the required three-fourths majority. With 36 of 48 states having ratified the 17th Amendment, it was certified by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan on May 31, 1913, as part of the Constitution. In total, 41 states eventually ratified the 17th Amendment. The state of Utah rejected the amendment, while the states of Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia took no action on it. Effect of the 17th Amendment: Section 1 Section 1 of the 17th Amendment restates and amends the first paragraph of Article I, section 3 of the Constitution to provide for the direct popular election of U.S. senators by replacing the phrase â€Å"chosen by the Legislature thereof† with â€Å"elected by the people thereof.† Effect of the 17th Amendment: Section 2 Section 2 altered the way in which vacant Senate seats are to be filled. Under Article I, section 3, the seats of senators who left office before the end of their terms were to be replaced by the state legislatures. The 17th Amendment gives the state legislatures the right to allow the state’s governor to appoint a temporary replacement to serve until a special public election can be held. In practice, when a Senate seat becomes vacant near the national general election, the governors typically choose not to call a special election. Effect of the 17th Amendment: Section 3 Section 3 of the 17th Amendment simply clarified that the amendment did not apply to Senators chosen before it became a valid part of the Constitution. Text of the 17th Amendment Section 1.The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. Section 2.When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of each State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. Section 3.This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

Art Fund Proposal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Art Fund Proposal - Research Paper Example Painting is one among them. The paint market sector can be divided into two major categories, industrial coatings and decorative paints based on the end-use of the particular products. Besides segmentation based on the end use of the particular painting product, markets can also be divided based on the quality and price of the product. Paints are generally divided into three price and quality categories: medium, premium and economy. The size of each group differs by market area and country, depending on the local painting traditions, standard of living, styles of construction and available materials, the general construction and decorating trends as well as industrial activity and renovation. Art market is a network of worldwide fiscal activity in major world cities: London, Berlin, New York, Geneva, Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong and Milan. Art market subsists only in cities with cultural and financial capital that attracts continuing concentration of marketplace activity. The US guides the world marketplace for modern art with 50% of sales level. Aggregate sales volume and pricing across the art market from every source (sales, dealers, galleries, private and auctions) are presently impossible to quantify, but at the same time there are obvious indicators and trends. Using international prices and auction sales as an indicator of rising market activity, it can be seen that modern art prices were up 22% in 2003. Contemporary art market is being driven by the arrival of a new demographic of younger collectors and buyers. â€Å"Modern art is currently the heart of the global art market. It is the densest and most profitable segment. 2011 was the best of the decade for the sale of modern works with particularly strong demand and an outstanding revenue total of $6.067B, representing 52.4% of total global art auction. In 2011, the revenue from Modern art was up $1.218 billion versus 2010 which was itself a record year† (Art Market Trends 2011

Failing Schools and Students in the US Research Paper

Failing Schools and Students in the US - Research Paper Example No Accountability of Individual Schools 3. Lack of Qualified Staff in Schools C. Is the Argument out of the School’s Hands? 1. Effects of the No Child Left Behind Act Conclusion Work Cited Introduction Today it is of crucial importance that education should be given utmost attention, as it is considered a guaranteed insurance into ones future. However, it is usual that children are failing consistently in many parts of the world especially USA. A student who is disinterested in the education will generally miss college lectures and would perform extremely poor in assessments tests. In worst cases, students would stop attending their schools or colleges and would thereby sit at home without concern for their education, career and life. It is important that causes of inability to perform well at school should be figured out before they can be pin down to improve performances in general and long term successes in whole. Does the issue lie with the students and/or the parents? Lac k of Parenting Today many of the children fail because of lack of parenting guidance or parents lacking such skills. Children today need their parent's guidance so they could help them make positive options instead of just trying to control them or choose for them what they are not interested in. If parents act as children’s guide they are letting them not rely on their inner guidance. If parents guide their children through the process of decision making they are letting them look in to the situations from all of its sides. This even helps them build a sort of self esteem that is they would start trusting them and believing in ability to make good choices. According to Mr. PubMed, the usual cause of lack of parenting skills is their low socio-economic status. Parents which are living below poverty lines have no such access to parenting skills. Teen parents simply have a hard time forming such parenting skills. In middle families this is mainly due to lack of emotional and fi nancial support and lack of awareness. In richer families this is mainly because parents simply lack time. Moreover, the younger parents were the ones who were more immature and less capable of giving the sacrifices sometimes that are required of parents. Furthermore, the parents that have abuse are more likely to make bad parenting choices. Students Hungry or Lack of Sleep August 2007 – One of the study by James F. Pagel who was the MD of University of Colorado school of Medicine has given reports that students could have insufficient sleep that could thereby have adverse effects next day not on adults performance but also on students performance. Hunger and sleep are two of the vital needs of a healthy society. Adolescents who have experience sleep disturbances are the ones more likely to receive bad grades. Based on a 238 questionnaires that were completed by the middle or high school students, the survey proved that those who have gained lower GPA were the ones who had mo st sleepless nights and such issues that include restless, a hard time waking up in the morning, when trying to fall asleep, difficulty concentrating during the day, snoring every night, aching legs, and falling asleep in class. James Pagel had said: Some of the previously conducted studies had proved that students who had irregular sleep patterns, inadequate sleep or otherwise poor sleep quality didn’t perform well in school in comparison to students who

History of American Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of American Islam - Essay Example Estevanico was the first Muslim to enter the historical records in the North America. He was a barber who originated from North Arica and explored the states of Arizona and New Mexico in the 1530s for the Spanish Empire. In 1586, Sir Francis Drake brought around two hundred Muslims the then English colony of Roanoke, which is the present Carolina. Drake’s convoy of some thirty ships had freed these Muslims from Spanish colonial forces in the Carribean where they had been condemned to hard labor as galley slaves.Approximately 15 to 30% of the slaves who were brought to America were Muslims. Some documented cases include abdulrahman Ibrahim Sori and Ayubu Suleiman Diallo 1701-1773. Yarrow Mamout one of the Muslims who bought his freedom had his portrait painted by renowned American artist Charles William Peale, and it is kept at Philadelphia Museum art. In 1831, Omar Ibn said who was an educated native of West Africa managed to write the only well-known American slave descriptio n in Arabic. In 1939 Sayyid Said, the ruler of the Oman ordered his ships to set sail to American on a trade mission, and this marked the point of Muslims friendly relationship with America. In 1854, the Ottoman Empire sent a gift to be included in the Washington Monument. In 1857 Bilali Mohammad, a slave on Sapelo Island, Geogia, managed to write the first and the lone existing book on Islamic Law printed in America and this book was called Bilali document.The first documented Muslim cemetery called the Ross has tombstones dating from 1882.

The protection of historical and cultural heritage during the Essay

The protection of historical and cultural heritage during the urbanization process - Essay Example The consequences include not only losing irreplaceable treasures but also endangering the futre of the globe especially when it comes to natural resources. In this study, the Chinese City of Xi’an will be discussed with regards to the violation and destruction of cultural heritages as man pursues urbanization.With the rapid development of economy and technology, the pace of urbanization accelerates greatly, and Xi’an has been feeling the effects of human invasion. During urban construction and development, it is important that the relationship between modernization and cultural [historical ] conservation is handled correctly to avoid the detrimental implications that come with their violation or destruction. The Xi’an Muslim District is one of the key elements that make up the famous cultural city of Xi’an, and also one that has been facing great challenges as urban development approaches it. The Muslim District is composed of about 54 hectares of ancient (traditional) housing of the Hui people. It is one of the key areas protected by the Historic and Cultural city Preservation Plan of Xi’an Year 1995-2020. The district bears important heritage for the Chinese and particularly the Muslims in that the housing, including seven mosques, as well as land, date back to hundreds of years. However, recent â€Å"redevelopment† plans have been rumored, proposing that the ancient low housing be â€Å"revamped† to better urban housing (Vinsrygg 92). If Grunwald’s example is anything to go by, it is important that the Chinese government should not implement such proposals because once the redevelopment is done, the Muslim heritage that has existed in the Xià ¢â‚¬â„¢an District will be destroyed. Therefore, it would important for people to stand against such forms of urbanization because culture, once destroyed, can never be repaired. One of the worst violations

Formal Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Formal Business Report - Essay Example imarily taken as benchmark because it is one of the biggest success stories within the fashion industries that have been able to retain its competitive edge even in the tough economic conditions. The firm, ABCD Fashions is recommended to follow the model of Zara and expand its operations globally, especially in emerging economies like India, China. The consultancy report is prepared by the Marketing Manager for the Board members of UK based fashion retailer, ABCD, on the potential of expanding the business across the globe. The major purpose is to recommend the best way to proceed over the next three years in the current competitive business environment. ABCD Fashion is a high-end UK garment retailer which is facing huge competition from domestic and foreign apparel houses. While Primark and Tesco attract customers with their low cost fashion garments, Mark & Spencer, Zara etc. offer a wide range of high-end garments which become very attractive for customers during discount seasons. Today, contemporary fashion is more influenced by the changing socio-cultural paradigms of rapid globalisation and the myriad channels of communication such as the Internet, international magazines, TV etc. have evolved as crucial tools that facilitate greater awareness regarding the changing fashion trend across the customers. Moreover, lack of variety in fashion clothing, problems of cultural biases faced by retailers and the recessive trend in the economy have significantly impacted the performance of the firm and the industry in general. The company therefore, needs to evolve innovative strategy and creative input within its operations to identify a nd exploit new opportunities of growth. Another similar business, Zara, a member of the Inditex group of Spain, was studied and used to compare and contrast the business imperatives vis-Ã  -vis Strategic orientation towards product-market development; competitive strategy pursued; product innovation; technological innovation; and

Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorship - Essay Example Assignment It is worthwhile to mention that Katy has a relatively better idea to initiate her personal furniture business as she could invest a considerable amount of 250,000 pounds. Indeed, commencing one’s own business is more feasible than investing this money in financial markets by purchasing bonds, stocks, saving certificates etc. Indeed, the reason behind this is the fact that today’s corporate world is highly unstable that in turn affects the financial markets. Secondly, low interest rates has also reduced the yield on financial products, hence income generated in above mentioned products may not be up to one’s expectations. As far as furniture business is concerned, it should be highlighted that people tend to purchase furniture (including dining tables, bedroom sets, cupboards, chairs, book shelves etc) for their households; therefore, the demand for furniture products is relatively inelastic and will exist because it is a human need. However, the purchasing power of a customer could affect the demand of designed and branded furniture products. In more simple words, Katy who is adept in designing and marketing should opt to commence her own business in the light of following costs and benefits analysis of each available business option including Sole Proprietorship, Partnership, Limited liability partnership and Company formation. Katy could definitely make a rational business decision after reviewing the mentioned recommendations.

Formal Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Formal Business Report - Essay Example imarily taken as benchmark because it is one of the biggest success stories within the fashion industries that have been able to retain its competitive edge even in the tough economic conditions. The firm, ABCD Fashions is recommended to follow the model of Zara and expand its operations globally, especially in emerging economies like India, China. The consultancy report is prepared by the Marketing Manager for the Board members of UK based fashion retailer, ABCD, on the potential of expanding the business across the globe. The major purpose is to recommend the best way to proceed over the next three years in the current competitive business environment. ABCD Fashion is a high-end UK garment retailer which is facing huge competition from domestic and foreign apparel houses. While Primark and Tesco attract customers with their low cost fashion garments, Mark & Spencer, Zara etc. offer a wide range of high-end garments which become very attractive for customers during discount seasons. Today, contemporary fashion is more influenced by the changing socio-cultural paradigms of rapid globalisation and the myriad channels of communication such as the Internet, international magazines, TV etc. have evolved as crucial tools that facilitate greater awareness regarding the changing fashion trend across the customers. Moreover, lack of variety in fashion clothing, problems of cultural biases faced by retailers and the recessive trend in the economy have significantly impacted the performance of the firm and the industry in general. The company therefore, needs to evolve innovative strategy and creative input within its operations to identify a nd exploit new opportunities of growth. Another similar business, Zara, a member of the Inditex group of Spain, was studied and used to compare and contrast the business imperatives vis-Ã  -vis Strategic orientation towards product-market development; competitive strategy pursued; product innovation; technological innovation; and

The Measure of a Man Essay Example for Free

The Measure of a Man Essay First and foremost I think that it’s important for us to stop and reflect on what it truly means to be a man. With majority of our young men dropping into crime and violence, as well as dropping out of school, it’s important that we understand how each and every one of us can make a difference in changing this pattern in their minds. In one of Dr. King’s speeches he challenges the young men of our society to rethink their understanding and definition on what it means to be a man. Dr. King stated that, â€Å"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.† In this statement it is implied but not expressed that the belief of manhood is not defined by your outward maleness, but by the development of your character on the inside. If everything in your life was perfect or if you wasn’t being challenged then you would be a man. As the great Dr. King said, â€Å"The true test is how you respond and react to the challenges in your own life, as well as the challenges that are around you on a day to day base. You can accept this challenge from Dr. King because he was not just a man of his word he also practiced what he preached. Dr. King not only devoted his life to this nation and the world, Dr. King ultimately gave his life because he wouldn’t accept the suffering, inhumanity as well as the injustice that was around him. Dr. King was not just a man in his home; he was a man in this nation, this nation, this world and his community. He tried to stop the suffering that he saw around him, he took a stand when he witnessed injustice, he spoke out while others remained silent in the mist of discrimination and segregation, and he offered his love when majority was consumed by hatred for black people. Today as we look upon the landscape of Gary Indiana, you will realize that you are faced with the same test that Dr. King passed. There is a crisis of violence that is threatening the safety of every community. There are children who don’t want to try to reach their full potential in school or in life. Dr. King deeply believed that your greatest and highest obligation is your service to other people. Dr. King saw service as a testament of your religion. His challenge for you is that you must be committed in serving others. As well as being committed in serving the youth of your community and others.

Childs future life chances

Childs future life chances Your life chances and opportunities depend on the social circumstances of the family you were born into. discuss drawing upon academic literature and research examples The likelihood of a child succeeding in life is still largely determined by their familys income and social position. This essay will begin by introducing the debates which centre around this topic. It will then go on to examine four key domains which affect a Childs future life chances: family income, education, class status and family background. The concept of life chances was originally introduced by Max Weber who believed that factors such as low, economic position, status and power were interlinked and together presented the problem of poorer life chances in the future. In current literature life chances signifies the opportunities which are available for people to improve there quality of life in the future for example access to quality education. Some of these influences are likely to be affected by the social circumstances of the family to which they are born into. This could be directly: well educated parents, all things being equal, will probably provide a more intellectually stimulating home-life than those parents who left school early. Other influences will be indirect: better-educated parents may have higher than average incomes and hence be able to finance educational excursions, or in other ways to provide life enhancing experiences for their offspring. some of these additional opportunities will be cumulative, reinforcing other positive characteristics, while others may serve to compensate for some forms of disadvantage. Some people believe that it is strictly genes that affect our opportunities in life. Research focusing on the causal relationship between genes and subsequent IQ, range from 0 to 80% this provides inconsistent results. Recent research, has suggested that genetic and environmental factors are not distinct determinants of intelligence and life chances. Instead it is the interaction between these two factors which gives rise to a childs intelligence levels. The role that nurture has to play in developing intelligence is clearly demonstrated from data published by Inequality in the early cognitive development of British children. The data suggested that the social circumstances of the family influenced future educational attainment. Those children brought up in families with low Socio-economic Status (SES) with attainment levels ranked as low, at 22 months, were also prone to have low attainment at age ten. On the other hand those children from a high SES background were as likely to sho w high attainment at age ten, even if their attainment was ranked low at 22 months. This data suggests that it is nurture and the social circumstances of the family which influences the future chances of these children and not their initial genetic abilities. Mayer notes that children who are born into low income parents also seem to have less success than those parents who have more money. Children from low income families also tend to score lower on measurers of cognitive ability, more likely to drop put of school, to have behavioural problems and essentially earn less in later life. This is drastically demonstrated in a 1970 British cohort survey showing that at age 26 young adults experience an earnings penalty of 9% if they were brought up in a household with an income below half the average (after controlling for educational attainment) therefore this suggests that young people from poor backgrounds are disproportionately observed at the lower end of the earnings distribution when they are in work. Further research in the US by Isaac (2007) which focused on the intergenerational aspect of income focusing on families economic position and how this is influenced by that of there parents: He found that 42 percent of children born to pa rents in the bottom fifth of the economic distribution remain in this section as adults with only 23 percent rising to the second fifth, meanwhile 39 percent of children born to parents at the top of the income distribution remain at the top, with only 23 percent moving downwards to the second fifth. From this research alone it is clear to see that a parents income is influencing there childrens future income opportunities. One possible reason for this difference is that of social class. The role of SES is well-documented in the literature concerning life chances. Using the National Child Development Stufies and the British Cohort study, Carneiro et al (2007) and Blanden et al (2006) illustrated that there is clearly a strong relationship between a childs social and cognitive abilities and their parents SES. This has been demonstrated by Fienstein (2003) who found that those children who were originally brought up in low socio economic status background who scored poorly on cognitive tests at an early age were more likely to remain with low scores as they grew through the life course, however those children from a higher socio economic status with lowe scores were much more likely to catch up. These results from the NCDS and the BCS do allow for informative feedback However in order to test the validity of these findings it is very important that these relationships are tested throughout generations. This recent research has been carried out by Sylva et al (2007) who analysed data from a recent programme the Effective Pre-School and Primary Education (EPPE) programme which aimed to test childrens cognitive attainment (reading and mathematics) from that age of three to the end of Key Stage 2.

BioPure case :: essays research papers

BioPure Corporation, which was founded in 1984 by entrepreneurs Carl Rausch and David Judelson, is a privately owned biopharmaceutical firm specializing in the ultra purification of proteins for human and veterinary use. In 1998 Biopure pioneered the development of oxygen therapeutics using â€Å"Hemoglobin†, a new class of pharmaceuticals that are intravenously administered to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues. Biopure's two products, Hemopure for human use, and Oxyglobin for animal veterinary use, both represented a new Oxygen based treatment approach for managing patients' oxygen requirements in a broad range of potential medical applications. The factor distinguishing Biopure’s two products from other blood substitute products being developed by two possible rivals, Baxter International and Northfeild Laboratories, is that its hemoglobin based source is bovine rather than human and was derived from the blood cells of cattle. Both of Biopure’s blood substi tute products were in the final stages of the approval process of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1998. Oxyglobin had just received the FDA’s approval for commercial release declaring it safe and effective for medical use. Hemopure was entering final Phase 3 clinical trials and was optimistically expected to see final FDA approval for release in 1999. The FDA approval of Oxyglobin and its possible subsequent release into the veterinary market caused concern over whether the early release of Hemoglobin would impinge BioPure’s ability to price Hemopure when the product finally received approval. Given that the two products were almost identical in properties and function, it was thought that the early release of Oxyglobin would create an unrealistic price expectation for Hemopure if released first. Although blood transfusions in the veterinary market are infrequent and the market scope is limited, Oxyglobin has the potential to become a lucrative investment for Biopure. Based on the approximate 355,000 blood transfusions (please see Exhibit 1 for the calculations behind this estimate) performed on animals in 1995, a definite opportunity exists for Oxyglobin within the veterinary blood market. Since the number of blood transfusions conducted in 1995 represented on average only 2.5% of animals suffering from acute blood loss, increased availability of animal blood could possibly stimulate the market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to estimate the possible impacts of introducing Oxyglobin as a major product, it was assumed that Biopure would be able to produce and sell its full capacity of 300,000 units per year. As can be seen in Exhibit 1, the results of such an aggressive marketing strategy would yield a positive gross margin of between 49% and 66%, assuming the product was sold at a price of $100 to $150 per unit.

Dear Mama :: Personal Narrative Writing

Dear Mama By the same token I leave you, I leave myself (with you) Wong May, "Dear Mama" Wong May, poet extraordinaire, transnational writer, post-colonial female subject, unphotographed, barely reviewed, past unknown, present undocumented, and for all intents and purposes disappeared after 1978 somewhere in Western Europe. Things I do know about her, mostly from an entry found in Contemporary Poets, edited by Thomas Riggs: She is Chinese by birth, born November 16, 1944 in Chungking, China. She is/was/is not anymore a Singaporean citizen. 1965, Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature, University of Singapore 1968, Master of Fine Arts, University of Iowa, 1969, first book of poetry A Bad Girlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Book of Animals published by Harcourt, Brace and Jovanich while working as Assistant Editor for United Business Publications. This is her only documented professional appointment. 1972, second book Reports. 1975, she is translated into German and receives a German Academic Exchange Service fellowship (Deutsch Akademisch Austauch Dienst). 1973, marries a certain Michael Coey, who is referred to as a travelling companion in her last and final book, 1978 Superstitions. With all this information, she fills one page of my notebook. Then she disappears. Or rather, in the spaces between her poetry, she was never there in the first place. My obsession is with her absence, her absence in reviews, her absence in critical studies, her absence in official conversations about Singaporean poetry. On the inner book sleeve of her second book her quote reads, "My poems are about wordlessness..." So I decide I want to write about her, a substitution for writing to her, because it is to her that I would rather write. But since there is no way of doing this, I pick the second best, I write, I investigate, I fixate. The last lines of her last book read, O Travellers, travelling anywhere the world is beautiful Our windows get dirty Her books are all dedicated to her mother, "DEAR MAMA," "To My Mother," "To my mother." Her poems are the only chronicles I have of her life. In the second book we learn that she started writing it in the winter of 1968 in New York and finished it in Winnipeg in September 1971. Her third book is begun in Berlin that same year and finishes in France, in between she continues in Hebrides, Singapore, Steglitz, Meylan, Budapest, Iona, Cracow, Prague, Poland, Malaysia, Paris.

My philosophy of Education Essay

I never thought I will end studying education. In fact, this possibility was not even considered. At first I was more into medicine or graphic design areas but then I discovered a hidden ability, teaching. I dance since I was twelve years old, and I started to teach in my ballet academy in 2006 to 3-5 year-old girls and I enjoyed it very much. I know that is not the same to teach dance compared with school teaching, but the experience I had with children was very pleasant to me because I found a strong connection between my students and me. So that period marked my destiny and I decided that teaching is what I want to do the rest of my life. Therefore, I am preparing myself to become an Early Childhood Bilingual Generalist. Educating children is very meaningful because it directly affects their lives. Education provides a foundation for a child to base the rest of his or her life on. For this matter, it is very important for every teacher to have their own foundation well defined. There are five types of philosophies of education: Essentialism, perennialism, progressivism, social reconstructionism, and extentialism. As a future educator, I will follow the progressivism student centered philosophy.   I believe on focusing on the individual needs of the student, as well as involving them in the process of learning. Every child is different and not all students relate to material in the same way. That is why I will have in mind two very important factors: Motivation and interest. With these in mind, I will have the attention of my students in order to have in them the desire to learn and later to succeed. I believe that my educational philosophy foundation will guide me to success in the classroom. This philosophy allows the student to interact with other children in the classroom and share ideas or interests, making the student able to communicate and express their thoughts. I think it is necessary to know the opinion of the student; that is why in the classroom I want to create an environment where they can feel comfortable to ask a question or give an opinion without letting behind the order and respect. I want to become a teacher because I know I have the patience to listen to them, and I consider myself capable to get along and interact with them. I strongly believe that children are very clever and I can learn a lot of them as I expect they learn from me. I want to be that teacher who kids remember when they grow up as the â€Å"best teacher† they had; I  want to make my kindergarten students enjoy their classroom instead of being afraid of it.   And the most important thing of all: I want to be a teacher because a teacher leaves a mark in somebody else’s life, and I want to be the first person leaving a mark in my students during their knowledge process in school.

Thoughts and Feelings ‘on the Grasshopper and the Cricket’

What are your thoughts and feelings about the poem â€Å"On The Grasshopper and The Cricket†? In the poem ‘On The Grasshopper and The Cricket’ by John Keats, the poet seems at a first glance to just to be describing a grasshopper and a cricket and how they inhabit a garden and the kitchen of a home respectively. However, once we understand the poem, it is not so straightforward. In the second to the sixth lines of the poem, it shows how carefree the life of a grasshopper is in the â€Å"summer luxury† as opposed to the cricket in the â€Å"lone winter†. As it is mentioned that the grasshopper hops ‘from hedge to hedge about a new-mown mead’, we know that it is probably in a garden where it does not have to worry. It also gives us a young and lively feel to the poem because it shows that all the grasshopper does the entire day is play among the hedges and live a luxurious life. In the sixth and seventh lines, it is shown that the grasshopper is never bored because in this case, the grasshopper himself is capable of having his â€Å"delights† and â€Å"fun† with minimal effort and is able to rest if it feels tired beneath some â€Å"pleasant weed†. It's so hot that the usually chirpy and active birds have taken shelter amongst the shady trees and the whole countryside seems to be quiet, but just then one can hear the ever active grasshopper chirping away merrily in the hedges. We also know that there are birds in the garden as said in the second line â€Å"when birds are faint with hot sun† so it is believed that the grasshopper is never lonely because there are other animals around. Similarly, when one is cozily sheltered in the comfort of his home in front of a warm stove from the cold, frosty winter and is beginning to feel lonely, an atmosphere of silence and loneliness prevails. However, the silence is shattered by the shrill chirpings of the cricket and this silence, which was forced by the cold, is gently calmed by the cricket’s song. But even then the poetry of earth continues without a break. In a way, the grasshopper can be seen as selfish because when it plays among the hedges and freshly cut grass, it does not do anything else that implies that it is helping anyone other than itself. On the other hand, the cricket is seen to be somewhat of a good friend to those who are lonely on winter nights as it breaks the silence that was forced by the cold winter. The grasshopper could be compared to a young person who is usually carefree and does not worry much. In comparison, the cricket could represent someone in his or her old age who is there for people when they are in need or are lonely.

Loneliness in Hamlet

Loneliness in Hamlet The article â€Å"Personal and Social Influences on Loneliness: The Mediating Effect of Social Provisions† defined loneliness by stating, â€Å"First, loneliness is thought to result from perceived deficiencies in one’s social world. Second, loneliness is thought to be a subjective state experienced by the individual, rather than some objective feature in the individual’s social world. Third, this experience frequently is unpleasant and distressing† (Kraus et al. 85). Everyone faces loneliness and despair in their lives.In today’s world people may feel misunderstood or isolated, or they could feel deficient because the lack a family or missing a loved one. In Hamlet, much of the loneliness and suffering he endures is due to the secrets he is forced to keep. There were many instances where Hamlet felt alone and upset, but he could not share his pain with anyone else. We can also find examples of Hamlet’s despair due to bet rayal from his so-called friends. The loneliness and despair in Hamlet are factors that added to his suffering and caused his overall demise.Hamlet is a lonely, isolated character, with few friends and little faith in humanity. His loneliness plays a great role in his downfall, by alienating him from his friends and family and eventually taking control of his actions. He does not share the knowledge of his father's murder with anyone. He can't trust his friends and family, and he hides his true feelings from his only love, Ophelia, adding to her insanity. These events eventually lead to his downfall, and could have been avoided by sharing his dilemma.Throughout the play, Hamlet discovers who is loyal to him and also who his real enemies are. Right away, Hamlet dislikes his uncle. He is already distraught over losing his father, but he has also to deal with the marriage of his beloved mother to his uncle, who killed his father and whom he perceives as being cruel and cold-hearted. Ha mlet refers to his uncle as, â€Å"A little more than kin, and less than kind† (1. 2. 564). This clearly demonstrates the extreme hatred Hamlet has towards his uncle. Hamlet also feels intensely betrayed by his mother.Claude Williamson states that â€Å"[†¦] the shock which he suffered on hearing of the murder and on realizing the full horror of his mother's action made, as it were, a wound in his mind, which hurt whenever he thought of his uncle or of his mother's connection with that uncle† (98). Hamlet trusted his mother and feels as if she has disregarded any love she ever felt towards her former husband. In Hamlet’s eyes, his mother has offended his father, and he blames her for his death. Hamlet says to his mother, â€Å"A bloody deed!Almost as bad, good mother, As kill a king, and marry with his brother† (3. 4. 621). This shows that he is revolted by the idea of the marriage between his uncle and his mother. Hamlet also encounters loneliness a nd despair with Ophelia. Due to his experiences throughout the play, Hamlet distances himself from Ophelia, whom he is actually in love with. He does this by insulting her and convincing her that he is mad and never had any true feelings for her. By pretending to be mad and not telling Ophelia about his true feelings, he is misleading her as well.Ophelia believed his affections were true and she fell in love, only to be crushed by his madness. However, in his madness, Hamlet came to see Ophelia in a disheveled state, â€Å"[†¦ ] with his doublet all unbraced, no hat upon his head, his stockings fouled, ungartered, and down-gyved to his ankle, pale as his shirt, his knees knocking [†¦ ]† and frightened her (2. 1. 585). Her father bid her not to speak to him, and she complied. Poor Hamlet sank deeper into his madness, alone and dejected. Ophelia, also depressed, was ready to take her own life.Hamlet is devastated because he never actually meant to hurt her. Hamlet say s, â€Å"I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love make up my sum† (5. 1. 654). This shows how much Hamlet truly loved Ophelia. The last factor that contributed to Hamlet’s loneliness is that he didn’t share his problems with anyone (except for Horatio). He hid his hatred towards his uncle, the loss he felt with his mother, and the secret of his encounter with his murdered father’s ghost. If he had told more people his secrets, then they could have been more willing to help him.The person who could have helped him the most and spared him the most grief is Ophelia. By telling her about his father’s murder and about his plan to avenge his death, Ophelia would have provided Hamlet with comfort and understanding. His tragic flaw came from the misleading act he put on in order to hide his ambitions, and the crafty schemes he came up with to reach his goals. However, some topics are so complex that Hamlet may face limitations in discussing them with people who are not as deep as he.Hamlet’s loneliness was caused by many incidents, some of which Hamlet brought upon him himself. Had he shared his problems with the few people he could trust, and not hidden the knowledge of his father's murder, he might have avoided the great loss of his family, his friends, and his life. Secrets, deception, and despair plagued Hamlet throughout the play, and ultimately caused his downfall. It is important that we have support from our friends through difficult times. When we alienate people by keeping secrets from them, it is to our disadvantage. We cause our own loneliness.